Must a pregnant or breastfeeding woman fast?

“It is permissible for the pregnant woman to break her fast. She should make up for the broken fast once she is able to do so. An additional kaffarah will not be required.”

“If the breastfeeding mother fears that her health will deteriorate (by breastfeeding) and it will affect her health or the child’s health, then it will be permissible for her to omit fasting, and she may make up for the missed fasts after Ramadaan.”

“It is permissible for a pregnant or breastfeeding woman to waiver the fast if she fears harm or has a strong presumption that it may cause harm to herself or her baby. She will however, have to make it up after her term of pregnancy or breastfeeding ends. It is mentioned in Tanweer ul Absaar with Durr e Mukhtaar:”

“In principle, it is obligatory for a breastfeeding woman to fast in the month of Ramaḍān. Hence, a breastfeeding woman should adopt a diet and lifestyle, based on the advice of medical professionals and experienced nursing women, that would be conducive to fasting whilst breastfeeding.”