What are the rules of the azaan and iqaamah?

“If a child of understanding age calls out the Adhaan, then the Adhaan is valid without any abhorrence, but the Adhaan called out by a Baaligh person is superior. Hence, in the queried scenario, the Adhaan of the 12-year-old is valid and there is no need to repeat the Adhaan. [Re: Fataawa Uthmaaniyyah Vol:2 Pg:58-59]”

“If the fajr Adhaan was correctly called out upon or after subh sadiq [true dawn] then the time has already commenced. It was incorrect to eat at that time and the fast will be invalid. Therefore, the fast has to be repeated. [qadha]”

“There are two views in regards to turning the head in Iqaamah. Some have stated that if the place (Masjid/Musallah) is massive then one may turn his head to the right and left whilst calling the Iqaamah, otherwise not.”

“In normal circumstances, it is Sunnah for a maleto call out the Azaan and Iqaamah in the ear of the baby. However, in the enquired case, if a male is not present or available to call out the Azaan and Iqaamah in the ear of the baby, then it will be permissible for a female to do so provided that she is not in the state of major …”